When it needed to streamline its plant operations last year, apparel company Bespoke “hired” 15 AMRs to move, trace, and direct workpieces to their destinations, freeing human workers for higher-value tasks.
Each year, manufacturers and retailers look for ways to fill customer orders faster and more accurately. Yet all too often, they encounter a host of obstacles—everything from labor shortages to changing industry standards and regulations to ever-tightening timelines—especially during peak season.
These were some of the challenges facing Bespoke Manufacturing Co. (BMC), a manufacturer of primarily high-end women’s wear. Last year, the company was looking to modernize its operations by moving from a traditional “design-make-sell” manufacturing model to an on-demand model. The objectives: to eliminate waste, unify its people and processes, increase efficiency and productivity, and scale up manufacturing operations to meet growing demand.
For help with the project, the company turned to warehouse automation specialist S&H Systems, mobile computing company Zebra Technologies, and Fetch Robotics—a maker of autonomous mobile robots (AMRs) acquired by Zebra in 2021. As BMC explained to its new partners, the end goal was to improve its workflow visibility from the initial printing and cutting of the fabric to the final production phase of packing and shipping.
COMBINING TECH OFFERS NEW POSSIBILITIES
In order to realize its vision, Phoenix-based BMC would need a solution that allowed its front-line workers to focus on production as the company scaled up its on-demand business. The key to that, it concluded, would be delegating its workflow logistics to automated equipment. After weighing various options, the company decided to go with Zebra’s end-to-end industrial and robotics automation solution—which combines the Fetch AMRs with Zebra’s fixed industrial scanners—to help move, trace, and direct workpieces to their destinations along the production line.
“Embracing automation turns inefficient processes into optimal workflows … [in order] to achieve increased accuracy, enhanced throughput, reduced labor needs, faster onboarding of new workers, more data and consistent outcomes, and flexible new solutions,” explained Cody James, strategic account manager at Zebra Technologies/Fetch Robotics, in a webinar.
To design and integrate the automated solution, BMC worked with systems integrator S&H Systems, a member of Zebra’s PartnerConnect program. In the end, BMC deployed 15 of Zebra’s Fetch Robotics RollerTop AMRs (robots with conveyors on top of them) and more than 200 of Zebra’s FS20 and FS40 fixed industrial scanners to move totes throughout the manufacturing process and keep track of them as they work their way through the sewing stations.
THE TRANSFORMATION JOURNEY
The first step in BMC’s manufacturing transformation was to eliminate 90% of the fixed conveyor belts operating throughout its factory. Next, more sewing machines were added to the roughly 50,000-square-foot Phoenix facility. Once the floor space was reconfigured to accommodate the new process, the robots were brought in, the scanners were installed, and technicians began preparing the system to go live.
Today, when a customer orders a piece of clothing online, the order is fed into the company’s enterprise resource planning (ERP) system, which immediately sends instructions to the automated cutting station, where the fabric is cut by a robotic arm. A picker then places the fabric pieces into a bar-coded tote and deposits it on a conveyor. As the tote makes its way down a 50-foot conveyor belt, its bar code is read by a scanner, triggering a process whereby the system identifies what additional items need to be added to the tote—for example, the garment might need a 12-inch zipper, a hook-and-eye, a clasp, and three labels. The tote then travels to an automated vertical material rack (VMR) that will present those additional items (zipper, labels, etc.) to the picker to add to the tote.
Once all the necessary items have been collected, a picker places the tote on a short-line conveyor belt. When the tote reaches its destination, a scanner reads its bar code, which prompts the system to call over an AMR to pick up the tote and autonomously deliver it to as many sewing stations as required. Fixed industrial scanners register the totes at each location, tracking the position of every garment in the plant. Once the order is complete, the robots autonomously deliver the finished goods to packing and shipping stations.
FLEXIBILITY FOR THE FUTURE
Shifting to a highly automated manufacturing operation has been a game changer for BMC. To begin with, the company realized an immediate 33% improvement in space efficiency by removing most of its fixed conveyor belts. This added space now gives BMC the flexibility to accommodate future seasonal demands, explained J. Kirby Best, president and chief executive officer of BMC, in the webinar.
But the benefits didn’t stop there; the company has enjoyed productivity gains as well. The system’s FetchCore Software, which triggers the robots to execute a workflow, can make adjustments to the AMRs’ routes across the plant floor in seconds. According to BMC, the facility has tripled production capacity with the new automated equipment—which allows it to make up to six dresses per minute.
And by producing garments on demand, BMC has eliminated material waste throughout the manufacturing process, minimizing the amount of fabric that ends up in landfills each year.
Most significantly, perhaps, the added flexibility has made a world of difference for employees. The automated systems have streamlined BMC’s workflow processes, allowing workers to focus on picking and hand sewing tasks rather than moving products among 120 different stations. “With Zebra’s unique solution, we are able to realize significant savings in labor time while retaining an ability to instantly scale up to meet seasonal demand surges and seamlessly modify our production,” Best said in a press release.
Editor's note: This article was revised on August 28 to correct the location of BMC's factory.
Picture a busy DC, with manually operated forklifts, people, and pallets in constant motion. At the same time, the stationary equipment they interact with, such as conveyors and palletizers, is industriously whirring away. Together, they are performing something akin to a carefully choreographed ballet.
Now add driverless forklifts to the mix. Shuttling along without a human operator on board, they may look like they’re operating independently, but they’re not. They’re actually in constant contact with other equipment and software, making sure they perform their part in the dance at the right moment. Without that ability to communicate, the forklifts—and other warehouse operations—could come to a standstill.
Who, exactly, are driverless forklifts “talking” to, what information are they sharing, and how does that exchange happen? We asked automation experts to explain. They also shared tips on ensuring successful communication between automated lift trucks and other equipment and software.
TWO-WAY COMMUNICATION
Lift trucks that do their jobs without a human operator on board cannot “speak” directly to each other. “As it stands now, there is no peer-to-peer communication or interaction on a forklift-to-forklift basis,” notes David Griffin, chief sales officer for Seegrid, a developer of autonomous lift trucks and AMRs (autonomous mobile robots). There is, however, interaction between forklifts via a centralized fleet manager system (also referred to as a traffic management system or an automation server). This “overarching conductor of the automated system” assigns tasks to each forklift, controls the route the trucks will follow, and manages traffic flow, says Nick McClurg, a sales engineer at forklift maker Hyster Co.
The forklifts communicate with many kinds of material handling equipment, such as robotic palletizers and depalletizers, stretch wrappers, conveyors, automated storage and retrieval systems (AS/RS), and dock equipment. That communication must be bidirectional, says Michael Marcum, senior director of autonomous vehicles at systems integrator Bastian Solutions, a Toyota Automated Solutions company that also makes robotic forklifts. Much of the exchange consists of messages that indicate status—whether or not the two pieces of equipment involved are ready to conduct a transaction. For example, if a forklift will be delivering a pallet to a stretch wrapper, then the wrapper has to tell that forklift, via the fleet manager system, that the load position is empty and the forklift is allowed to set a payload there, Marcum explains. After a pallet has been wrapped, the stretch wrapper will call for a pickup via the fleet manager. Once the forklift picks up the wrapped pallet, it must confirm to the stretch wrapper that it has departed; without that signal, the wrapper cannot receive its next load.
If a truck is not ready for an assigned task, it signals that status to the fleet manager, and the task will be reassigned to another nearby vehicle, says Jayce Nelson, sales manager, North America, for Kion Group’s Linde Automated Solutions, a specialist in automated forklifts and software. When the assigned forklift is ready to approach, say, the end of a conveyor to pick up a load, it uses its vision systems, such as 3D cameras, to align itself with the equipment.
With their control software, robotic forklifts also have the ability to communicate with other warehouse equipment, like fire-detection systems and automated rollup doors. “If a device is capable of sending or receiving electrical signals, then the vehicle can interact with that device via the automation host software,” McClurg says. Even a piece of mechanical equipment could be outfitted with sensors that help it interact with automated forklifts, according to Brian Markison, director of sales for Rocrich AGV Solutions, a joint venture of Mitsubishi Logisnext’s Rocla and Jungheinrich units that specializes in automated guided vehicles.
The capability to communicate with different types of devices enhances warehouse safety, Griffin says, because it enables automated forklifts to talk to safety equipment like pedestrian warning lights and intersection gates. And since the robots constantly transmit their location, the traffic control system can identify developing problems and prevent them. For example, the system will stop an autonomous forklift from entering an intersection that’s occupied by another lift truck. Once the other truck has moved on, the system will give the approaching forklift the “all clear,” he says.
Hardware isn’t the only thing driverless forklifts can talk to; they also are in continual dialogue with various types of software. “Most commercial warehouse software programs today have the capability for two-way communication, and most can be integrated with automated lift truck fleet management software,” observes John Wilkins, a sales engineer for Yale Lift Truck Technologies. The most common are warehouse management systems (WMS) and warehouse control systems (WCS); others include enterprise resource planning (ERP) software, fleet management and telematics systems, and transportation management (TMS) and order management (OMS) systems.
As for how that might work, Rocrich’s Markison gives the example of a WMS sending an order to move a pallet from one location to another. The order typically will include start and completion time, and some indication of the move’s priority. “That order can then be taken into the fleet manager, which will appropriately queue up the tasks that need to be done,” he explains. The forklift must also report completed missions back to the WMS.
HOW TO TALK TO A FORKLIFT
Communication between robotic forklifts and warehouse equipment and software happens in a number of ways. Which method is deployed depends on the equipment and software involved as well as the tasks to be carried out. Each installation is unique in some way, but there are some commonly used approaches.
Some communication protocols are more widely used than others. Examples of those in widespread use include modbus, a serial communication protocol that governs an initiating and a responding device, and CANbus (Controller Area Network), a real-time communication protocol that transmits data to networked industrial controls.
A driverless forklift’s interface with other equipment could be something electromechanical, such as a photo-eye sensor, says Jeff Kuss, product manager–automated solutions at forklift maker and intralogistics specialist The Raymond Corp. A sensor at the end of a conveyor, for instance, could detect the presence of a pallet. That triggers the sensor to create an electrical signal that it sends to a programmable logic controller (PLC). The PLC receives the electrical signal as a digital input and then transmits a message, via ethernet, to the server that controls the automated vehicles. Finally, the server sends the instructions over Wi-Fi to the closest available forklift to “pick up the pallet and take it to Location X.” (Some facilities use Bluetooth or cellular transmission instead of Wi-Fi.) Data that identify loads and trigger a task can also be acquired through IoT (internet of things) platforms, RFID (radio-frequency identification) systems, and barcode scanning.
Another option, Bastian’s Marcum says, is to use infrared-based optic couplers that share bits (binary digits, the smallest units of digital information) as inputs and outputs. When the forklift gets within a certain distance of another piece of equipment, “the two devices can talk to each other, similar to the way a TV remote works,” he explains.
Usually, though, software is a critical intermediary between driverless forklifts and other equipment. It can be complicated. In the case of a WMS, McClurg says, his company’s approach is to send a text or JavaScript Object Notation (JSON) file to the WMS; in exchange, the WMS sends a file to a folder on the localized network that can be accessed by the automation host software. The fleet manager reads the file and executes it. Once the task has been completed, a message is sent to another folder. The WMS opens it, reads it, and, based on its contents, either closes out the order or sends additional instructions.
To ensure that interfacing software programs understand the messages they receive from each other, it’s often necessary to create an application programming interface (API). An API is a comparatively simple type of middleware—or software layer—that acts as a translator, facilitating communication by reformatting messages so they will be intelligible to the receiver. In essence, they are “setting ground rules in terms of what information is passing back and forth and what it means,” Markison explains.
In some cases, more complex middleware may be needed. According to Brice Bucher, senior manager of products at software developer and systems integrator Flexware Innovation, APIs have limitations. In a presentation at the Autonomous Mobile Robotics & Logistics Conference 2024, Bucher noted that APIs don’t address data transformation, protocol conversion, or business logic integration. When each system has different data formats or requires specific protocols, middleware bridges those gaps, he said. Middleware also ensures that data moves between systems without delay, he said. For example, if an AGV completes a task, middleware can instantly trigger updates across systems, so that WMS, ERP, and other systems are aligned in real time.
CAN WE TALK?
Raymond’s Kuss notes that each communication integration will be unique in some way. That’s partly because automated forklift vendors and suppliers of fleet manager systems have proprietary interfaces. On top of that, software with some degree of customization, such as a WMS, may require modifications to the fleet manager system, he explains. What’s more, adds his colleague John Rosenberger, director, iWarehouse Gateway & Global Telematics, “even if we know the format for efficient data transfer, the content of the messages may differ depending on the forklift manufacturer, or it can be different by functionality.”
Mixed fleets with forklifts from different manufacturers present a particular challenge. Seegrid’s Griffin notes that it’s common for facilities to use robots from multiple vendors. Generally, he says, each automated solution has its own proprietary fleet manager software that understands where all units under its purview are and controls their movements. When robots of different brands cannot be confined to separate areas, it’s important that their fleet managers have the ability to communicate, so they can do things like open and close intersections where different types of robots cross paths.
While it is possible for dissimilar fleet managers to talk to each other, that’s easier said than done. “Those systems inherently are not interoperable,” Nelson says. “The need to share information like coordinates, current status, past assignments, and prioritization makes it difficult to assign travel paths.” In addition, if the forklifts are unable to communicate location information and what they are doing, that can lead to deadlock, where the vehicles simply stop—what Yale’s Wilkinson calls “the classic situation: a staring contest between two autonomous vehicles from different OEMs, neither one capable of blinking or losing.”
A solution for some facilities is third-party fleet manager software that’s designed to work in multiple brands of autonomous forklifts; examples include those offered by independent developers such as Kollmorgen, BlueBotics, Navitech Systems, and Flexware Innovation. In fact, some forklift OEMs partner with these and other providers instead of developing their own fleet managers. This opens the way for a fleet to potentially buy different robots utilizing the same control and navigation system, which will reduce complexity to some degree, Marcum says.
Communications with driverless forklifts may become simpler in the near future. VDA 5050, an open-source protocol for communication between AGVs and fleet manager systems, is currently in development. Coordinated by two German industry organizations, one for auto manufacturers and the other for material handling and intralogistics, this universal protocol promises to allow “any mobile robot, regardless of brand, [to] be seamlessly integrated into existing operations,” wrote Alfredo Pastor Tella, who runs the Europe-based AGV Network website, in a LinkedIn post. Pastor Tella wrote that Kollmorgen will introduce VDA 5050 into its robot control software in 2025, but other industry observers have noted that because the protocol’s roots are in European manufacturing and there are still technical issues to be worked out, it may be a few years before it takes hold in the forklift world. When it does, conversations with autonomous forklift fleets will likely become much less complicated to hold.
Tips for success
Want to be sure your driverless forklifts will always “get the message”? Here are some experts’ recommendations for facilitating communication with them:
Involve your IT experts early! They’ll need to identify what relevant data is currently available and where it resides. Make sure they’re comfortable that any APIs and other software meet your company’s security requirements. For cloud-based systems, verify that the vendor and systems integrator will have remote access if they need to service any of the systems or software. (Brian Markison, Rocrich AGV Solutions)
If you’re buying from different manufacturers, find out which supplier has navigation technology on the brands you’re considering and try to stay with a single system if possible. If you have a single platform, you can make a change just once and the entire fleet will receive that modification. If you have two fleet managers, segregate them as much as possible. Wherever they are separate, you’ll only have to change that one, but in shared areas, you’ll have to change both. (Michael Marcum, Bastian Solutions)
When it comes to facilitating communication, software is not always the best answer. Sometimes something simpler, like PLCs that notify equipment through very basic logic, works just fine. And it’s better to start small and integrate each function as you go, rather than try to integrate everything at once. You can tie two systems together and demonstrate the benefits from that, then use the savings to justify and help fund the next piece. (John Rosenberger, The Raymond Corp.)
Conduct testing in real-world scenarios, and make sure legacy software and communication technologies are compatible with the automation. These systems work in a dynamic environment, and a lot changes over time. Calibration tests can make sure everything still aligns correctly. And remember to inform your vendor of changes in things like throughput rates, layout, pallet sizes and configurations, products, and so on. (Jayce Nelson, Linde Automated Solutions)
In most facilities, commands and data are communicated via Wi-Fi, so connectivity and reliability are a top concern. A pre-installation survey to measure Wi-Fi signal availability and strength throughout the facility is an absolute must. Based on those findings, you may need to enhance signal strength and expand capacity and coverage. In some very large facilities, a private wireless network that uses cellular signals may be the best solution. (Deryk Powell, CEO, Velociti Inc., a provider of technology deployment, support, and integration services)
Waves of change are expected to wash over workplaces in the new year, highlighted by companies’ needs to balance the influx of artificial intelligence (AI) with the skills, capabilities, and perspectives that are uniquely human, according to a study from Top Employers Institute.
According to the Amsterdam-based human resources (HR) consulting firm, 2025 will be the year that the balance between individual and group well-being will evolve, blending personal empowerment with collective goals. The focus will be on creating environments where individual contributions enhance the overall strength of teams and organizations, and where traditional boundaries are softened to allow for greater collaboration and inclusion.
Those were the findings of the group’s report titled "World of work trends 2025: The collective workforce.” The study was based on data drawn from the anonymized responses of 2,175 global participants of the Top Employers Institute’s HR Best Practices Survey for 2025, and 2,200 organizations from its 2024 edition.
To cope with those broad trends, the report found that companies must adopt “systems thinking,” a way of understanding how different parts of a system—whether an organization or a society—are connected and influence each other. Leaders who learn that skill can design holistic strategies that align employee needs with organizational priorities and broader societal challenges, the group said.
Toward that goal, the report highlights five trends that are reshaping and impacting the global workforce for 2025. They include:
Sustainable Workplaces - integrated partnership between society and organizations. In 2025, organizations will face growing pressure to address global challenges ranging from ethical AI use in the workplace to demographic changes like declining birth rates and an aging population. These issues are no longer isolated from business; they demand an integrated partnership between society and organizations. For example, labor shortages driven by demographic changes challenge companies to rethink their workforce strategies for future sustainability; for example, family-friendly offerings have increased substantially over the last year as employers acknowledge the reality that many more people are now responsible for aging relatives as well as young children.
New belonging – networking beyond to connect with various jobs, industries, and networks. Unlike previous generations, today’s employees change jobs and careers with greater fluidity, spanning multiple organizations over relatively short periods. This shift is reshaping the traditional, company-centered sense of belonging into a more dynamic, interconnected experience. Employees no longer expect to build lasting relationships solely within a single organization, but rather they form communities that stretch across various jobs, industries, and networks, sometimes even in public coworking spaces where the people they interact with daily may not even work for the same company. However, this fluidity offers companies a unique advantage: as employees move between organizations and interact with diverse professionals in shared spaces, they bring with them fresh ideas, innovations, and relationships that generate significant value.
Transforming experiences – “new collar” jobs. In 2025, we will see a substantial blurring of the traditional categories of “white collar” jobs—typically clerical, administrative, managerial, and executive roles—and “blue collar” jobs, which are typically found in the agriculture, manufacturing, construction, mining, or maintenance sectors. The nature of jobs once considered blue-collar has changed dramatically, thanks in no small part to advancements in technology, especially AI. Post pandemic, there seems to be a much higher demand in many places around the world for skilled trades and manual labor, coupled with a growing emphasis for needed skills over formal qualifications. This shift, sometimes described as the rise of “new collar” jobs, combines the technical expertise often associated with blue-collar work with the adaptability and digital skills needed in today’s job market.
Neuroinclusion - a competitive advantage. Organizations are also increasingly recognizing the advantages of including neurodivergent individuals in the workplace, hiring people with autism, dyslexia, dyspraxia, dyscalculia, and ADHD, as well as certain mental health conditions. In addition to bringing bringing unique perspectives and capabilities, these employees are also an important part of Diversity, Equity and Inclusion (DEI). This practice often requires companies to provide accommodation, adjustments, and support, but 2025 will bring a more radical shift, as neuroinclusivity is evolving from an afterthought to a foundational principle in workplace design, culture, and HR policies.
AI-powered leadership - balance between human intuition and AI’s analytical power.
If 2024 marked AI’s disruption of highly skilled roles like software development and healthcare, 2025 will be the year AI reshapes the highest levels of leadership, bringing a new balance between human intuition and AI’s analytical power. In this evolving landscape, leadership is no longer an individual pursuit, but a collective effort changed by intelligent systems. AI is not just influencing mid-level roles; it is becoming a partner in the C-suite, helping leaders navigate complexity, understand team dynamics, and make strategic decisions that benefit the entire organization.
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2024 International Foodservice Distributor Association’s (IFDA) National Championship
It’s probably safe to say that no one chooses a career in logistics for the glory. But even those accustomed to toiling in obscurity appreciate a little recognition now and then—particularly when it comes from the people they love best: their kids.
That familial love was on full display at the 2024 International Foodservice Distributor Association’s (IFDA) National Championship, which brings together foodservice distribution professionals to demonstrate their expertise in driving, warehouse operations, safety, and operational efficiency. For the eighth year, the event included a Kids Essay Contest, where children of participants were encouraged to share why they are proud of their parents or guardians and the work they do.
Prizes were handed out in three categories: 3rd–5th grade, 6th–8th grade, and 9th–12th grade. This year’s winners included Elijah Oliver (4th grade, whose parent Justin Oliver drives for Cheney Brothers) and Andrew Aylas (8th grade, whose parent Steve Aylas drives for Performance Food Group).
Top honors in the high-school category went to McKenzie Harden (12th grade, whose parent Marvin Harden drives for Performance Food Group), who wrote: “My dad has not only taught me life skills of not only, ‘what the boys can do,’ but life skills of morals, compassion, respect, and, last but not least, ‘wearing your heart on your sleeve.’”
The logistics tech firm incubator Zebox, a unit of supply chain giant CMA CGM Group, plans to show off 10 of its top startup businesses at the annual technology trade show CES in January, the French company said today.
Founded in 2018, Zebox calls itself an international innovation accelerator expert in the fields of maritime industry, logistics & media. The Marseille, France-based unit is supported by major companies in the sector, such as BNSF Railway, Blume Global, Trac Intermodal, Vinci, CEVA Logistics, Transdev and Port of Virginia.
To participate in that program, Zebox said it chose 10 French and American companies that are working to leverage cutting-edge technologies to address major industrial challenges and drive meaningful transformations:
Aerleum: CO2 capture and conversion technology producing cost-competitive synthetic fuels and chemicals, enabling decarbonization in hard-to-electrify sectors such as maritime and aviation. Akidaia (CES Innovation Award Winner 2024): Offline access control system offering robust cybersecurity, easy deployment, and secure operation, even in remote or mobile sites.
BE ENERGY: Innovative clean energy solutions recognized for their groundbreaking impact on sustainable energy.
Biomitech (CES Innovation Award Winner 2025): Air purification system that transforms atmospheric pollution into oxygen and biomass through photosynthesis.
Flying Ship Technologies, Corp,: Building unmanned, autonomous, and eco-friendly ground-effect vessels for efficient cargo delivery to tens of thousands of destinations.
Gazelle: Next-generation chargers made more compact and efficient by advanced technology developed by Wise Integration.
HawAI.tech: Hardware accelerators designed to enhance probabilistic artificial intelligence, promoting energy efficiency and explainability.
Okular Logistics: AI-powered smart cameras and analytics to automate warehouse operations, ensure real-time inventory accuracy, and reduce costs.
OTRERA NEW ENERGY: Compact modular reactor (SMR) harnessing over 50 years of French expertise to provide cost-effective, decarbonized electricity and heat.
Zadar Labs, Inc.: High-resolution imaging radars for surveillance, autonomous systems, and beyond.
The deal will add the Google DeepMind robotics team’s AI expertise to Austin, Texas-based Apptronik’s robotics platform, allowing the units to handle a wider range of tasks in real-world settings like factories and warehouses.
The Texas firm joins other providers of two-legged robots such as the Oregon company Agility Robotics, which is currently testing its humanoid units with the large German automotive and industrial parts supplier Schaeffler AG, as well as with GXO. GXO is also running trials of a third type of humanoid bot made by New York-based Reflex Robotics. And another provider of humanoid robots, the Canadian firm Sanctuary AI, this year landed funding from the consulting firm Accenture.
“We’re building a future where humanoid robots address urgent global challenges,” Jeff Cardenas, CEO and co-founder of Apptronik, said in a release. “By combining Apptronik’s cutting-edge robotics platform with the Google DeepMind robotics team’s unparalleled AI expertise, we’re creating intelligent, versatile and safe robots that will transform industries and improve lives. United by a shared commitment to excellence, our two companies are poised to redefine the future of humanoid robotics.”